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Modern Art Movements: Art in the late 19th-20th Century

An extra copy of the Art History slide list (in case you lost it)...
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Art History Slides on Quizlet

IMPRESSIONISM
• Originated in France during the 1860’s and spread throughout Europe.
• Tried to capture the instant impression of an image (quick)
• Purpose: capturing light and colour accurately, according to lighting conditions (colour theory: avoided using black)
• Often painted outdoors (en pleine air), with oil paint tubes
• Interested casual subjects for their paintings (i.e. people going about their lives)
• Photography impacted greatly on the Impressionists:
  1. justified new approach with colour
  2. used to capture new moments / compositions to paint

NEW TECHNIQUES / APPROACHES:
• Painting from life (as seen, not composed)
• Study of the science of optics (how light works)
• Development of colour theory
• No use of black paint (used complementary colours)
• Broken Colour – Painting technique, using loose unblended brushstrokes
• Optical Mixing – the visual effect of colours appearing to mix when placed side-by-side

POST-IMPRESSIONISM
• Post-Impressionists – literally “after the Impressionists”
• based their work on the colour theory and techniques of Impressionism, but developed their own unique styles: a variety of styles were produced.
• Often combined the study of colour and light with planned compositions that used to be seen in more traditional paintings.

Two main directions of Post-Impressionism:
1.Concentration on Form & Design...
    •Planned out compositions
    •Technical painting approach (e.g. pointillism)
    •Examples: Cezanne, Seurat
2. Emotional & Sensuous Expression...
    • More spontaneous approach
    • Colours used to show emotion
    • Examples: Van Gogh, Gauguin

Other common characteristics of Post-Impessionism:
• influence of Japanese prints – outlined
• 2-D / flat shapes of colour
• colour is symbolic (not a copy of nature)

impressionism___post-impressionism.ppt
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EXPRESSIONISM
• Expressionism emerged in various cities throughout Germany and extended to other parts of Europe
• Resulting from the feeling of discord / separation from spirituality and authenticity in society
• Inspired by emotional Post-Impressionists such as Van Gogh
• Expressionists sought to express emotional states as well as stresses brought on by modern life.
• Art was now meant to come from within the artist (feeling)
• Social criticism of urbanization (cities) & capitalism

NEW TECHNIQUES / APPROACHES:
• Exaggerated brushstrokes (e.g. swirling, swaying, loose)
• Exaggerated colours to emphasize emotion
• Lack of emphasis on realistic subject matter

DIE BRUCKE
• Die Brucke means “the Bridge”
• They are a group of German Expressionist artists formed in 1905 in Dresden, Germany
• Opposed the old social order in Germany
• Members of the group had no formal art education
• Aimed for authentic emotion in their art – emphasized use of colour and simplified / primitive shapes & forms

FAUVISM
• “Fauvism” means “wild beasts” and emphasize bright colours and flat application of paint
• Colour is used for expression and becomes independent of describing form
• The “fauves” were a loose group of French painters inspired by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Seurat & Cezanne
• Valued direct experience of subject, emotional response to nature, and intuition
• Considered to be an important first step towards later forms of abstraction (e.g. Cubism)

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WHAT IS "ABSTRACT" ART?
  • Abstract art came about at the beginning of the 20th century.
  • It is essentially the opposite of Expressionism because the subject matter is often devoid of emotion or psychological meaning.
  • The main focus of abstraction is design - how all the parts of the composition relate to one another.
  • The point of abstraction is to simplify or reduce an image to its elemental forms (in terms of shape, colour, line, etc.).
  • There are a variety of ways in which abstract art was explored - three important movements we will look at are Cubism, Futurism, & De Stijl.
CUBISM
• artists abandoned perspective & realistic modeling of figures
• A style of art in which the subject is broken apart and reassembled in an abstract form, emphasizing geometric shapes.
• Cubism paved the way for non-representational art by putting new emphasis on the unity between a depicted scene and the surface of the canvas
• Part representation / part abstraction
• Inventors: Picasso, Braque, Gris, and Leger

NEW TECHNIQUES / APPROACHES:


Analytic Cubism:
 

• structured dissection of image / shattered images into fragments
• shows objects from various angles & multiple viewpoints at the same time
• overlapping planes
• simplified palette of colours

Synthetic Cubism:

• looks like combining various synthesized views or aspects of an object
• textures & patterns added through newspaper and paper collage
• flattening image and removing all sense three-dimensional space
• simpler shapes and brighter colours
FUTURISM
• A style of painting and sculpture that emerged in Italy in the early 20th century. 
• Interested in the problems of modern life
• Influenced by Cubism, with a variety of planes
• It emphasized the machine-like quality of “modern” living. 
• Often there was a focus on dynamism or “lines of force” in objects – trying to capture a sense of movement in art pieces.
DE STIJL
• (literally “The Style” in Dutch) – a cold and intellectual approach to design begun by Piet Mondrian.
• It developed into a specific non-representational style called De Stijl - led by Piet Mondrian.
• It shows complete reliance on design and no feeling or emotion – consists of precise geometric forms, usually straight lines, squares, and rectangles--and primary colours
• Meant to show precise, mechanical order that does NOT exist in nature.
• Greatly influenced by the horrors of World War I 
• A utopian approach to a new style to remake society
cubism-futurism-destijl.pptx
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DADA
  • Created during World War I in Zurich, Switzerland – protesting the degradation of European society and the mass destruction of the war.
  • The term Dada comes from their nonsense attitude toward conventional language - random nonsense poetry out of words cut from pages and dropped on a table.
  • The Dada message: all European culture was decadent and devoid of meaning.
  • The Dada movement made some artistic discoveries in their desire to be controversial including: phonetic poetry, photomontage, and assemblage.
  • Goal: to shock and to awaken the imagination

NEW TECHNIQUES / APPROACHES:
Readymade - taking and using pre-made objects in one's art
Assemblage - attaching found objects into a sculptural piece
photomontage - cutting and pasting a variety of photos into one image
SURREALISM
  • Surrealism, as an artistic style, developed out of fantasy art and the Dada movement.
  • Grew out of Freudian free-association and dream analysis
  • “Surrealism” literally means “beneath the realistic surface of life” or a dream world of unreality.
  • Some Surrealists create art in a dreamlike induced state (similar to being unconscious), like Joan Miro.
  • Other Surrealists, such as Dali and Magritte, use logical or recognizable subject matter in very illogical situations creating weird associations.

NEW TECHNIQUES / APPROACHES:
- very detailed and realistic paintings, but recognizable content is combined in imaginative, dream-like, illogical, or disturbing ways (e.g. Salvador Dali or Rene Magritte)
- alternatively, surrealist art can be more abstract but based on the personal imagination / association / dream-like state of the artist (e.g. Jean Arp or Joan Miro) 
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ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
• This movement began in New York after World War II - shows a desire to hold onto humanity during an insane time.
• Rooted in the styles of Kandinsky and Gorky from Europe.
• It is both abstract / formal (without recognizable subject matter) and expressive / emotional.

• THEORY: The image is the result of creative process (NOT a preconceived  or planned idea)

NEW TECHNIQUES / APPROACHES:
• “Action Painting” – emphasizes energy, action, kineticism (i.e. kinetic energy - movement of the human body).
• Major debate at this time: what is art?
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POP ART
• 1960’s – new art movement based on everyday objects and people from popular culture.
• Named “Pop art” because the subject was based on popular items such as Coke bottles, beer and soup cans.
• Impersonal attitude towards the work and subject – shows frustration with the art establishment.
• Directly contrasts Abstract Expressionism with recognizable subject matter and no emotional content.
• Incorporates wit, humour and satire.
• The average viewer much preferred Pop Art to abstraction so it soon became in demand. 

NEW TECHNIQUES / APPROACHES:
• use of silkscreening / mass production techniques (e.g. The Factory)
• common / everyday materials

pop_art.ppt
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OP ART & COLOUR FIELD
 OP (OPTICAL) ART:
• Op (“Optical”) Art uses scientific principles to create the sensation of movement by tricking the viewer’s eye.
• There are no focal points or centres of interest in optical art.
• Sometimes movement is created through the use of colour and sometimes shapes.
• Carefully calculated and manipulated.

COLOUR FIELD:
• Colour Field developed during the ‘50s, 60’s and 70’s  -
• owes much to artist Mark Rothko
• Relies solely on flat fields of colour – impression is cool and serene.
• Some colour field painting is very loose (eg. Rothko, Frankenthaler, Louis)
• Some colour field painting is called “hard edge” (eg. Albers, Bush, Stella)
• Became important aspects of the interior environment as murals in buildings.
• Draw viewer into active participation with the work – goal: to create a total environment.
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PHOTO-REALISM
​• In the seventies, a revival of realistic art began in California and spread throughout the United States & Canada.
• Various commercial art techniques were used: airbrush, photography, spray and other materials.
• Rooted in genre art and Pop art of the fifties.
• Approach is cool and intellectual (unemotional) – reflects aspects of contemporary North American life (1970’s-80’s).
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MODERN ARCHITECTURE
ANTONI GAUDI
BIOGRAPHY:
• Born June 25, 1852 in Reus (Catalonia), Spain
• Son of a coppersmith – studied in his father’s workshop beginning in 1860
• Excelled in school in Geometry & Arithmetic, had a traditional education
• Gaudi studied and worked as an assistant in an architecture practice and in the workshops of a carpenter, a glassmaker, and a locksmith (learned these trades).
• Graduated in Barcelona as an architect in 1878 – gradually proved his talent through various commissions.

ARCHITECTURE PHILOSOPHY:
- "The straight line belongs to man, the curved line belongs to God"
- If an architect looks for the functional in his work, he will ultimately arrive at beauty.
- The lesson of Gaudi is not to copy his solutions but rather to look at nature for inspiration.  There is such a variety of solutions in natural forms that there is never a risk of repetition….nature does not go out of fashion.

Casa Batllo:
• Josep Batllo Casanovas (industrialist)
• 7 floors (commercial / residential)
• The Batllo family lived on the first floor, other families rented the rest.
DESIGN INSPIRATION:
• St. George and the Dragon
• Sea forms
UNIQUE FEATURES:
• organic forms (scales, bones, etc.)
• variations of colour (ceramics)
• designed for light and ventilation
NICKNAMES:
• “House of Bones”
• “House of Yawns”

Casa Mila:
BUILT FOR:
• Pere Mila & Roser Segimon
• Commercial / Residential building
DESIGN INSPIRATION:
• Natural forms
UNIQUE FEATURES:
• designed for light and ventilation
NICKNAMES:
• “La Pedrera” (the stone quarry)

Park Guell:
BUILT FOR:
• Don Eusebio Guell (Count of Guell)
DESIGN INSPIRATION:
• Intended to be a “garden city”
• Private residential urban development
• Natural forms & mushrooms
UNIQUE FEATURES:
• Integration of architecture with nature, in harmony
• Meant to contain gardens, houses, viaducts, squares, etc.
• hypostyle hall (intended to become a covered market),
• on top: a large public square with ergonomic winding bench.

Sagrada Familia:
BUILT FOR:
• Josep Bocabella (promoter)
• Financed entirely by donations
• Gaudi’s sole project from 1914 until his death in 1926
DESIGN INSPIRATION:
• Begun as a Neo-Gothic Latin Cross Plan (before Gaudi)
• Culmination of Gaudi’s knowledge & experience
UNIQUE FEATURES:
• “Biomimetic Architecture” (use of math that occurs in nature such as parabolas, hyperbolas, conoids, ellipsoids, etc.
NICKNAMES:
• “Cathedral of the Poor”
(Powerpoint was too big to upload! - find the slides on Quizlet)
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
BIOGRAPHY:
• Born June 8, 1867 in Wisconsin, USA
• Graduated from University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1887
• Worked with Adler and Sullivan (inventors of modern skyscraper)
• Began his own architecture firm in Chicago in 1893
• Developed a style known as the “Prairie school” – his home in Chicago being the first example of this.
• Created the “Usonian style” – an architectural style considered American
• Created some of his greatest works later in his life (from his 70’s-death at 91)

ARCHITECTURE PHILOSOPHY:
​“Prairie School” style building features:
• Unpainted organic materials
• Low lying horizontal structures
• Wraparound windows
• Central hearth (fireplace)
• Open-space plan interior

The term “Organic Architecture” was created by Frank Lloyd Wright.

He approached buildings as organisms with 
all-inclusive designs where everything (technical design, windows, furniture, etc.) relates to one another. 

Goals:
•Unified, harmonic, interrelated whole of buildings and environment
•Synthesized form and function (independent from style)

"I would like to have a free architecture," Wright wrote. "Architecture that belonged where you see it standing—and is a grace to the landscape instead of a disgrace."

Kaufmann House (Fallingwater):
• Built in Pennsylvania from 1936-1939
• For the Kaufmann family who owned a department store in the 1930’s
• Instantly famous because it is situated over a 30 ‘ waterfall
• Initially the area (Bear Run) was a summer retreat from the city of Pittsburgh
• Asked Wright to design it because the son was studying architecture with him
• The family expected to have a view of the falls, but instead Wright designed so that that could live “with” the falls (can be heard at all times)
• Today it is a National Historic Landmark in the USA

Duncan House:
• Originally built in 1957 in Illinois – dismantled and relocated to Pennsylvania in 2007
• Example of his Usonian design

Guggenheim Museum:
• In 1943, Wright was asked by Hilla Rebay (art advisor to Solomon R. Guggenheim) to design a museum for the four year old collection of Non-Objective Painting
• Caused struggle between architect, clients, city, etc.
• Wright did not want it built in New York, but situated it near Central Park
• Wright whisked people to the top of the building via elevator, and led them downward at a leisurely pace on the gentle slope of a continuous ramp.
• The galleries were divided like the membranes in citrus fruit, with self-contained yet interdependent sections.
• The open rotunda afforded viewers the unique possibility of seeing several bays of work on different levels simultaneously.
•The spiral design recalled a nautilus shell, with continuous spaces flowing freely one into another.
• Wright died just 6 months before it opened

Taliesan House, West:
• Begun in 1937 and lived there until his death in 1959
• Residence / business place / architecture school
• Natural light is a major part of the design
• Use of natural rock & wood forms filled with concrete
• Today – tourist site and home of the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture
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Art History Resources:

Here are some links to really great Art History resources on the web...
The Art Story.org